Modernisation of Airbus A320 Wingtip Devices To Reduce Induced Drag, Wake Turbulence And Fuel Consumption

Wake turbulence is a phenomenon generated by strong counter-rotating vortices trailing from an aircraft’s wingtips, created by the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. These vortices produce induced drag, reduce aerodynamic efficiency, and pose safety risks to following aircraft due to their persistence and intensity in the wake.

This paper investigates the influence of wake turbulence and induced drag on the aerodynamic efficiency of the Airbus A320 aircraft, as well as possible methods for reducing wingtip vortices through modernization of wingtip devices. The main focus is on comparing blended winglets, split scimitar winglets and raked wingtips in terms of aerodynamic efficiency, structural feasibility and operational limitations. Analysis is based on the principles of the theory of lines of rise, vortex circulation and induced reduction of resistance.
As a suggested improvement for the Airbus A320, it is proposed that existing Sharklets be replaced with split scimitar winglets. The theoretical rationale is based on the variation of span efficiency factor and the redistribution of vortex circulation in the wingtip region. Calculations of the induced drag coefficient, total drag coefficient and estimated fuel saving using aerodynamic relations and empirical assumptions have been performed. The results show that an increase in span efficiency factor of approximately 4% can lead to a decrease in induced drag and fuel consumption of approximately 1.88%.

Additionally, the effect of split scimitar geometry on the wake vortex structure has been considered. It is assumed that the formation of several weaker vortical structures instead of one concentrated vortex core contributes to lower peak vortex intensity and wake turbulence effects. Also identified are the limitations of proposed retrofit, including reduced ground clearance, increased bending moments and airport compatibility requirements.