Soft Robots in Cardiac Interventions

https://doi.org/10.65161/reco3Ski6Vf7M6th9

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, underscoring the need for safer and more effective interventions that improve patient outcomes. The success of traditional open-heart surgery and catheter-based procedures are limited by the heart’s constant motion and the fragility of cardiac tissues. Rigid robotic systems like the da Vinci platform improve precision and flexibility but remain limited in their ability to safely interact with the soft, delicate anatomy of cardiac structures. Soft robots offer a compelling alternative as compliant systems that conform to cardiac tissue, apply gentle forces, and navigate complex anatomy while minimizing the risk of injury. This review summarizes recent progress in the field of soft robotics across three domains: tools aiding cardiac surgery, functional support of the heart, and organ replacement, drawing on studies of catheter-deployed soft platforms, epicardial sleeves and direct compression systems, and hybrid total artificial hearts. Finally, the use of a technology readiness level (TRL) assessment will be used to assess current barriers and discuss future directions of soft robotic technologies in cardiovascular medicine