What is the connection between atopic dermatitis and the development of anxiety and depression among adolescents?

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that may present significant physical and psychological effects to adolescents. In turn, this may contribute to an increased vulnerability to anxiety and depression. This research was conducted to explain the potential factors contributing to this connection to better understand how AD may influence adolescent mental health. The objective of this study is to examine the connection between AD and anxiety and depression among adolescents, with focus on biological and psychosocial influences that may contribute to this relationship. Methods: A literature review was conducted using academic databases, publisher platforms, and medical reference websites including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, Frontiers, Medscape, and UpToDate. Collected studies included peer-reviewed research published between 2016 and 2026, involving adolescents aged 10-19 with AD and outcomes related to anxiety, depression, or both. Findings were analyzed and synthesized according to biological mechanisms, psychosocial factors, and mental health outcomes. Results: Findings demonstrated a consistent association between AD and increased anxiety and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Biological mechanisms involving immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hormonal changes, and the brain-gut-skin axis may contribute to this relationship. Psychosocial factors, including chronic itching, sleep disruption, appearance concerns, social difficulties, and reduced quality of life, may further increase psychological distress. Conclusion: AD is associated with an increased vulnerability to anxiety and depression among adolescents. This relationship appears to involve interconnected biological and psychosocial pathways, highlighting the complex connection between AD and adolescent mental health.