Caffeine Consumption and Anxiety: The Role of Individual Differences

Caffeine is consumed by over 80% of U.S. adults (McLellan et al., 2016). This paper examines the effects on anxiety that remain individualized and highly complex. This review examines the relationship between caffeine and anxiety symptoms, specifically on dose-dependent impacts and biological factors. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, activating stress pathways and elevating cortisol levels. Although low doses of caffeine can increase alertness and cognitive benefits, higher doses could increase anxiety-like symptoms. Individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders and certain individuals who are genetically susceptible experience a stronger stress response to caffeine consumption. Caffeine’s effects are often generalized among populations and should alternatively be understood through a lens of individualized vulnerability and dose-dependent response. Clinically, the generalization of caffeine intake undermines the significance of personal caffeine consumption and the consideration of caffeine as a substantial factor in anxiety-like behavior.