The Future of Astronautical Propulsion

Space exploration will determine mankind’s presence in the universe, and to progress space exploration new propulsion technologies must be developed. This paper reviews many upcoming propulsion technologies and critically evaluates all of their benefits and drawbacks. Along with explaining the future propulsion technologies, it also examines the limitations of current chemical propulsion and the necessity of advancing beyond it. Ion propulsion offers an extremely efficient method of deep space exploration while also possessing a substantial body of existing research. Nuclear thermal propulsion provides humanity with a reliable option for interplanetary missions or shorter exploration missions. Nuclear electric propulsion is a viable option for lengthy deep space exploration missions, and if used correctly it can be effective in interplanetary missions. Nuclear fusion thermal and nuclear fusion electric both extend the principles of their fission counterparts, but with higher efficiency and higher thrust. The Direct Fusion Drive is identified as the most promising technology presented, it can provide its own power and thrust vectoring. It also has an extremely high specific impulse, while maintaining a sufficient thrust. This makes it a viable option for any mission profile. The progression of these technologies will prove essential to humanity's ability to explore and inhabit the broader solar system and beyond.