Biomaterial Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering: Evaluating Potential for in vivo and in vitro application through Biocompatibility, Hydrophilicity and Mechanical Properties

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) offers an effective solution for skeletal repair, particularly when the body's natural regenerative capacity is insufficient. Central to this field is the development of biomaterial scaffolds that can replicate the structural and functional complexity of bone while supporting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanical and biological performance of commonly used scaffolds, including natural and synthetic polymers, bioceramics, bioactive glasses, and metals, evaluating their potential for clinical application in both in vivo and in vitro settings. By comparing properties such as biodegradability, bioactivity, osteoinductivity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, the paper underscores the limitations of monolithic scaffold systems. It also highlights the promise of hybrid and composite materials. By integrating advanced fabrication techniques and functionalization strategies, next-generation scaffolds may overcome existing challenges, paving the way for personalized solutions in regenerative medicine.