Assessing Income-Based Inequalities in India’s Education and Healthcare Systems

https://doi.org/10.65161/recYO0kl6MMk7ddDU

This research paper examines the extent to which access to education and healthcare in India remains unequal across income groups and gender. Using the Human Capital Theory and the Capabilities Approach, the paper explores how disparities in these two sectors limit upward mobility and reinforce intergenerational poverty. The findings show that low-income households face significant barriers: inadequate schooling, poor healthcare quality, financial constraints and reliance on underfunded public services. Evidence from India’s Empowered Action Group (EAG) states highlights persistent infrastructural deficits and gaps in the implementation of government programmes such as the Right to Education Act, the Midday Meal Scheme and the National Rural Health Mission. While these policies aim to reduce inequality, inconsistent funding, weak monitoring and limited public awareness diminish their effectiveness. The paper concludes that targeted reforms and stronger governance are essential for improving equitable access and achieving long-term development.