September 2026 (Vol. 11 Issue 4)

Sex Bias in Clinical Trials: How the Historical Underrepresentation of Women Shapes Drug Safety and Treatment Outcomes

Hasini Juluri

14/09/2026

Clinical trials are foundational for drug approval, dosing standards, and treatment guidelines. Yet, women were systematically excluded from these studies for much of the 20th century. To address this gap, this literature review examines how the historical exclusion of women from clinical trials has transformed ...